Kinetic and Potential Energy
Kinetic energy (KE) is energy of motion: KE = ½mv². Moving objects have KE.
Potential energy (PE) is stored energy due to position or condition. Gravitational PE = mgh (mass × gravity × height).
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed — only transformed. Total energy remains constant.
Wave Properties
Amplitude — height from rest to crest; determines energy/loudness.
Wavelength (λ) — distance from crest to crest.
Frequency (f) — waves per second; measured in Hz.
Wave speed = wavelength × frequency (v = λf)
The electromagnetic spectrum from low to high frequency: Radio → Microwave → Infrared → Visible light → UV → X-ray → Gamma.