✓Write, debug, and test Python programs using OOP principles
✓Analyze algorithm complexity with Big-O notation
✓Design and query relational databases using SQL
✓Explain how CPUs, memory, and I/O work at the hardware level
✓Apply probability and statistics to analyze real data
✓Trace a network packet from application to physical layer
✓Use Git, Agile workflows, and software engineering best practices
✓Prove mathematical statements using induction and logic
✓Understand OS scheduling, concurrency, and memory management
✓Compute derivatives, integrals, and apply calculus to optimization
✓Implement data structures from scratch and choose the right one
✓Think computationally — decompose problems and design solutions